AGGRAVATED CONDITIONS OF ILLEGAL FOREIGN TERRITORY IN THIS STATE: TRACES OF INCOSTUZIONALITA 'A FIRST READING.
Fabio Maria Ferrari, lawyer of the Court of Naples
The following summaries are intended to be food for thought about the constitutional twists caused by the introduction of the aggravating circumstance contained in art. 1 letter. f) of Decree No. 92 of 05.23.2008 (currently being converted), news that has added to the list of aggravating common art. 61 No. 11 bis. The unusual provision
worsening sentence "if the offense is committed by a person who is illegally in the country."
Following the entry into force of this provision, you are immediately raised in the legal community, not a few doubts as to its compatibility with the constitutional requirements (among others, has spoken in this sense, the President of the Union Rooms Penalties, avv.prof. Oreste Dominioni).
Here, we do not dwell on the all too obvious contradiction of the wording dell'aggravante with the principle of equality (Article 3 of the Constitution), that the more it seemed natural to infer, that with regard to unreasonable discrimination in the provision introduces among foreign citizens in possession of a valid residence permit, and illegal cd.
profiles that seem worthy of interest are, however, related to the dissonance of the provision with the principle of offensiveness (Article 25 of the Constitution), with international obligations (Article 117 of the Constitution), the principle of guilt and the rehabilitation of punishment (Article 27 of the Constitution).
As to the first side of analysis, there is no doubt that the offensiveness also covers accidental delicti, because the criminal act, because of eterointegrazione operated by the fact, it becomes easy to be offense, "detailed," resulting in a worsening of penalty. The fact
concerned purely subjective in nature, it is included among those that "relate to the intensity of pain or the degree of guilt, or the conditions and personal qualities of the offender and the injured, or who are related to the individual offender" (Article . 70 c.1, n.2 cp).
The peculiarity of the circumstance under Article. DL 92/08 of 1 would express a negative value of the quid pluris typical of the fact that it, in turn, reconnects. Connected to a negative value and status to an administrative offense, the quality of foreign and being free at the time of commission of the crime, the necessary authorization to reside in nazionale ( permesso di soggiorno o carta di soggiorno).
Se si guarda alle previgenti circostanze di segno soggettivo, non potrà non rilevarsi che, in generale, l’aggravamento di pena deriva:1) da una peculiare modalità dell’azione inerente la qualità dell’agente (l’ abuso di autorità o relazioni domestiche o la qualifica di pubblico ufficiale);2) da un particolare nesso psicologico, consistente nella causa psichica della condotta- a proposito dell’aver agito per motivi abietti e futili- e nella previsione dell’evento, seppure con la speranza di evitarne la realizzazione, nella colpa cosciente).
Nel caso che ci occupa, l’inasprimento della sanzione non è collegata criminal motives to action, to interpersonal relations commission of the facilitators of the typical (Art. 61 No. 11 pc) or the nature of the virtue of his position (Article 61 No. 9 pc), but the author being a migrant (often for reasons of survival), has entered the national borders, regardless of the pain of a deportation order. The aggravating circumstance would appear to apply, according to the wording of the rule, even a subject previously been legally resident in Italy, which has been revoked or not renewed prior permission. It 'a condition that seems to be closer to those relating to the person of the offender, or at relapse (art. 70 c.2 cp): in tal senso, sembrerebbe denotare, secondo l’ intentio legis, una capacità a delinquere presunta.
Ed è proprio su tale presunzione di pericolosità, sganciata da un parametro obiettivo di riferimento, offerto quantomeno da un precedente accertamento giudiziale, eventualmente rivelatore dell’inclinazione a delinquere (come nel caso della recidiva), che si incentra il focus della mancanza di offensività, con conseguente vulnus dell’art. 25 Cost.
E’ noto che il principio di offensività prevede che non possa esservi reato senza violazione di un bene giuridico.
Sul punto, si condividono le osservazioni di F. Bricola ( Scritti di diritto penale, Giuffrè) circa la necessità che deprivation of personal liberty which the penalty calls for a concrete link between pain and relief goods to the Constitution. The infliction of punishment, according to the distinguished author, requires a relationship between the proportion of calamity (the deprivation of liberty) and that the dissuasive power of the instrument is intended to avoid punishment (the offense contained in the offense). In other words, the penalty shall strike offense significant (linked to constitutional values) and not affected by assessments of political expediency of the Legislature or, worse, the waves of emotional needs in terms of prevention and safety. Unless you fall in the evil deeds of the guilty author, coined by jurists of the Nazi era that was suppressed not only the mere disobedience to the laws of the State, but also to the sentiment of the people, expression of the authoritarian regime.
Among the constitutionally guaranteed property does not include the control of migration flows, with the result that the aggravating circumstance is not a strong coupling in the hierarchy of constitutional values.
About proportionality of the offense, the Constitutional Court has deleted from the catalog of special charges for part (with the ruling n.370/96) a mere suspicion of crime, such as the unjustified possession of values. In that case, the Consulta condemning the discrimination against the authors of the contravention concerned, just because of being burdened with a criminal record. Discrimination that penalize foreigners too, but this time on a wrongful act (sometimes not even found), linked to the violation of provisions governing entry of foreigners in Italy. On the same wavelength, it should be noted also the precedent of the Court n.354/02 Constitution, with which it is received by the declaration of unconstitutionality of art. C.2 688 cp (which punished the state of obvious intoxication of those who had been sentenced for a crime against life or personal negligence.
the Court observes: \u0026lt;We have reported a prior conviction for a crime committed intentionally contro la vita o l’incolumità individuale, pur essendo evenienza del tutto estranea al fatto-reato, rende punibile una condotta che, se posta in essere da qualsiasi altro soggetto, non assume alcun disvalore sul piano penale. Divenuta elemento costitutivo del reato di ubriachezza, la precedente condanna assume le fattezze di un marchio, che nulla il condannato potrebbe fare per cancellare e che vale a qualificare una condotta che, ove posta in essere da ogni altra persona, non configurerebbe illecito penale..Una contravvenzione che assumerebbe, quindi, i tratti di una sorta di reato d’autore, in aperta violazione del principio di offensività del reato>.
Traslando tali argomentazione all’aggravante in esame, non is revocable in doubt that the status of "illegal alien" has the kind of "brand" indelible, although it is not expressive of any additional non-value-based reference to the crimes. Another important
unconstitutional on breach of Article. 117 of the Constitution, in respect of compliance with obligations arising from international obligations.
Until the entry into force of the reform of Title V of the Constitution, it was believed that the agreements shall not be attributed to the precepts of community were not directly involved in the sort. The rules of the European Convention on Human Rights, for example, had never been used as a parameter of the illegality the normal rules, although (according to C. Cost. n.10/93) expression of "atypical source and as such repeal or modification can not be fettered by an ordinary law." The news text article. 117 of the Constitution allows, currently applicable to believe, through the interposition of constitutional scrutiny, conflicting with the principles conventions on the ordinary rules.
circumstances, can not deny that Article. 61 No. 11 bis may have constituted a breach of Article. 11 of International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights adopted by the UNGA on 16.11.66, which reads: "All are equal before the courts and the courts di giustizia”.
Tale disposizione potrebbe prefigurare un’eguaglianza non solo nell’accesso alla giustizia e nell’esercizio dei diritti di difesa, ma anche un divieto di discriminazioni nell’applicazione delle sanzioni; la cui gravità non può dipendere da una condizione casuale , del tutto avulsa dalle accuse oggetto della pretesa punitiva statuale, nella specie l’aver violato o meno le disposizioni amministrative in materia di immigrazione.
C’è da chiedersi, inoltre, se la previsione dell’aggravante violi il divieto di retroattività delle sanzioni previsto dall’art. 15 del Patto e dall’art. 7 della Convenzione Internazionale dei diritti dell’Uomo; ciò where 's escalation of the penalty is caused by an input or an illegal detention prior to the fact that crime is worse access (similar problem arises in relation to art. 25 c.2 Constitution)
Breach of the principle of guilt enshrined in Article. 27 paragraph 1 of the Constitution, must be regarded as not fulfilled, the expectation of the circumstance, the relationship between fact and author. According to the current article. 59 cp the circumstance in question would be charged with the illegal alien if known or ignored by those to blame. However, it is hard to imagine that the author of such criminal acts could be a factor in aggravation of sentence, or negligently ignored, since element is not rooted in the psyche of the offender (for example, why abject and futile), or easily intelligible, because it is based on a condition of existence (even though illegal) is not perceived cause-effect relationship with the commission of a criminal act (from which is totally unrelated).
Finally, contrary to the principle of re-education sentence, art. 27 uc Constitution
In this regard, it should be noted that the introduction dell'aggravante implies a general preventive function of punishment that is unrelated to the constitutional provision, which instead opts for a special vision of prevention is directed at the stage executive, the purpose of re-socialization.
It seems, therefore, constitutionally adequate, the principles of guilt and rehabilitation of the sentence, prediction, (imposition) of a more severe sanction, in some ways exemplary, so to speak, promotional, as part of a tour screw on illegal immigration.
Ultimately, a provision that has quite a few clutches with the Constitution, and that appears to be an intermediate step towards the 'equally questionable introduction of the crime of illegal immigration (contained in the draft security bill to the Senate). You just have to hope for a change of heart on conversion of DL 92/08, before the consultation is to find outlets with a predictable barrage of incidents of constitutionality.
Fabio Maria Ferrari
Fabio Maria Ferrari, lawyer of the Court of Naples
The following summaries are intended to be food for thought about the constitutional twists caused by the introduction of the aggravating circumstance contained in art. 1 letter. f) of Decree No. 92 of 05.23.2008 (currently being converted), news that has added to the list of aggravating common art. 61 No. 11 bis. The unusual provision
worsening sentence "if the offense is committed by a person who is illegally in the country."
Following the entry into force of this provision, you are immediately raised in the legal community, not a few doubts as to its compatibility with the constitutional requirements (among others, has spoken in this sense, the President of the Union Rooms Penalties, avv.prof. Oreste Dominioni).
Here, we do not dwell on the all too obvious contradiction of the wording dell'aggravante with the principle of equality (Article 3 of the Constitution), that the more it seemed natural to infer, that with regard to unreasonable discrimination in the provision introduces among foreign citizens in possession of a valid residence permit, and illegal cd.
profiles that seem worthy of interest are, however, related to the dissonance of the provision with the principle of offensiveness (Article 25 of the Constitution), with international obligations (Article 117 of the Constitution), the principle of guilt and the rehabilitation of punishment (Article 27 of the Constitution).
As to the first side of analysis, there is no doubt that the offensiveness also covers accidental delicti, because the criminal act, because of eterointegrazione operated by the fact, it becomes easy to be offense, "detailed," resulting in a worsening of penalty. The fact
concerned purely subjective in nature, it is included among those that "relate to the intensity of pain or the degree of guilt, or the conditions and personal qualities of the offender and the injured, or who are related to the individual offender" (Article . 70 c.1, n.2 cp).
The peculiarity of the circumstance under Article. DL 92/08 of 1 would express a negative value of the quid pluris typical of the fact that it, in turn, reconnects. Connected to a negative value and status to an administrative offense, the quality of foreign and being free at the time of commission of the crime, the necessary authorization to reside in nazionale ( permesso di soggiorno o carta di soggiorno).
Se si guarda alle previgenti circostanze di segno soggettivo, non potrà non rilevarsi che, in generale, l’aggravamento di pena deriva:1) da una peculiare modalità dell’azione inerente la qualità dell’agente (l’ abuso di autorità o relazioni domestiche o la qualifica di pubblico ufficiale);2) da un particolare nesso psicologico, consistente nella causa psichica della condotta- a proposito dell’aver agito per motivi abietti e futili- e nella previsione dell’evento, seppure con la speranza di evitarne la realizzazione, nella colpa cosciente).
Nel caso che ci occupa, l’inasprimento della sanzione non è collegata criminal motives to action, to interpersonal relations commission of the facilitators of the typical (Art. 61 No. 11 pc) or the nature of the virtue of his position (Article 61 No. 9 pc), but the author being a migrant (often for reasons of survival), has entered the national borders, regardless of the pain of a deportation order. The aggravating circumstance would appear to apply, according to the wording of the rule, even a subject previously been legally resident in Italy, which has been revoked or not renewed prior permission. It 'a condition that seems to be closer to those relating to the person of the offender, or at relapse (art. 70 c.2 cp): in tal senso, sembrerebbe denotare, secondo l’ intentio legis, una capacità a delinquere presunta.
Ed è proprio su tale presunzione di pericolosità, sganciata da un parametro obiettivo di riferimento, offerto quantomeno da un precedente accertamento giudiziale, eventualmente rivelatore dell’inclinazione a delinquere (come nel caso della recidiva), che si incentra il focus della mancanza di offensività, con conseguente vulnus dell’art. 25 Cost.
E’ noto che il principio di offensività prevede che non possa esservi reato senza violazione di un bene giuridico.
Sul punto, si condividono le osservazioni di F. Bricola ( Scritti di diritto penale, Giuffrè) circa la necessità che deprivation of personal liberty which the penalty calls for a concrete link between pain and relief goods to the Constitution. The infliction of punishment, according to the distinguished author, requires a relationship between the proportion of calamity (the deprivation of liberty) and that the dissuasive power of the instrument is intended to avoid punishment (the offense contained in the offense). In other words, the penalty shall strike offense significant (linked to constitutional values) and not affected by assessments of political expediency of the Legislature or, worse, the waves of emotional needs in terms of prevention and safety. Unless you fall in the evil deeds of the guilty author, coined by jurists of the Nazi era that was suppressed not only the mere disobedience to the laws of the State, but also to the sentiment of the people, expression of the authoritarian regime.
Among the constitutionally guaranteed property does not include the control of migration flows, with the result that the aggravating circumstance is not a strong coupling in the hierarchy of constitutional values.
About proportionality of the offense, the Constitutional Court has deleted from the catalog of special charges for part (with the ruling n.370/96) a mere suspicion of crime, such as the unjustified possession of values. In that case, the Consulta condemning the discrimination against the authors of the contravention concerned, just because of being burdened with a criminal record. Discrimination that penalize foreigners too, but this time on a wrongful act (sometimes not even found), linked to the violation of provisions governing entry of foreigners in Italy. On the same wavelength, it should be noted also the precedent of the Court n.354/02 Constitution, with which it is received by the declaration of unconstitutionality of art. C.2 688 cp (which punished the state of obvious intoxication of those who had been sentenced for a crime against life or personal negligence.
the Court observes: \u0026lt;We have reported a prior conviction for a crime committed intentionally contro la vita o l’incolumità individuale, pur essendo evenienza del tutto estranea al fatto-reato, rende punibile una condotta che, se posta in essere da qualsiasi altro soggetto, non assume alcun disvalore sul piano penale. Divenuta elemento costitutivo del reato di ubriachezza, la precedente condanna assume le fattezze di un marchio, che nulla il condannato potrebbe fare per cancellare e che vale a qualificare una condotta che, ove posta in essere da ogni altra persona, non configurerebbe illecito penale..Una contravvenzione che assumerebbe, quindi, i tratti di una sorta di reato d’autore, in aperta violazione del principio di offensività del reato>.
Traslando tali argomentazione all’aggravante in esame, non is revocable in doubt that the status of "illegal alien" has the kind of "brand" indelible, although it is not expressive of any additional non-value-based reference to the crimes. Another important
unconstitutional on breach of Article. 117 of the Constitution, in respect of compliance with obligations arising from international obligations.
Until the entry into force of the reform of Title V of the Constitution, it was believed that the agreements shall not be attributed to the precepts of community were not directly involved in the sort. The rules of the European Convention on Human Rights, for example, had never been used as a parameter of the illegality the normal rules, although (according to C. Cost. n.10/93) expression of "atypical source and as such repeal or modification can not be fettered by an ordinary law." The news text article. 117 of the Constitution allows, currently applicable to believe, through the interposition of constitutional scrutiny, conflicting with the principles conventions on the ordinary rules.
circumstances, can not deny that Article. 61 No. 11 bis may have constituted a breach of Article. 11 of International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights adopted by the UNGA on 16.11.66, which reads: "All are equal before the courts and the courts di giustizia”.
Tale disposizione potrebbe prefigurare un’eguaglianza non solo nell’accesso alla giustizia e nell’esercizio dei diritti di difesa, ma anche un divieto di discriminazioni nell’applicazione delle sanzioni; la cui gravità non può dipendere da una condizione casuale , del tutto avulsa dalle accuse oggetto della pretesa punitiva statuale, nella specie l’aver violato o meno le disposizioni amministrative in materia di immigrazione.
C’è da chiedersi, inoltre, se la previsione dell’aggravante violi il divieto di retroattività delle sanzioni previsto dall’art. 15 del Patto e dall’art. 7 della Convenzione Internazionale dei diritti dell’Uomo; ciò where 's escalation of the penalty is caused by an input or an illegal detention prior to the fact that crime is worse access (similar problem arises in relation to art. 25 c.2 Constitution)
Breach of the principle of guilt enshrined in Article. 27 paragraph 1 of the Constitution, must be regarded as not fulfilled, the expectation of the circumstance, the relationship between fact and author. According to the current article. 59 cp the circumstance in question would be charged with the illegal alien if known or ignored by those to blame. However, it is hard to imagine that the author of such criminal acts could be a factor in aggravation of sentence, or negligently ignored, since element is not rooted in the psyche of the offender (for example, why abject and futile), or easily intelligible, because it is based on a condition of existence (even though illegal) is not perceived cause-effect relationship with the commission of a criminal act (from which is totally unrelated).
Finally, contrary to the principle of re-education sentence, art. 27 uc Constitution
In this regard, it should be noted that the introduction dell'aggravante implies a general preventive function of punishment that is unrelated to the constitutional provision, which instead opts for a special vision of prevention is directed at the stage executive, the purpose of re-socialization.
It seems, therefore, constitutionally adequate, the principles of guilt and rehabilitation of the sentence, prediction, (imposition) of a more severe sanction, in some ways exemplary, so to speak, promotional, as part of a tour screw on illegal immigration.
Ultimately, a provision that has quite a few clutches with the Constitution, and that appears to be an intermediate step towards the 'equally questionable introduction of the crime of illegal immigration (contained in the draft security bill to the Senate). You just have to hope for a change of heart on conversion of DL 92/08, before the consultation is to find outlets with a predictable barrage of incidents of constitutionality.
Fabio Maria Ferrari
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